The Effects Of Community Violence Exposure On Adolescents' Health.

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This is complex because of similarities that may exist between anxiety, depression, aggression, and PTS (Mazza & Reynolds, 1999). We first present the results of the cross-sectional measurement model exploration which was performed independently for each of the three grades in the analysis. In both models, female respondents were more likely than male respondents to report PTS symptoms. Self-discipline gives girls the edge: gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Richters JE, Martinez PE. Thus, the present study examines patterns of community violence exposure among a community sample of early adolescents to determine whether there are groups of adolescents who report similar types and levels of community violence exposure. Three explicitly stated that sexual assault was included in their measurement of CVE (Duckworth et al., 2000; Moses, 1999; Ng-Mak et al., 2004). Similarly, youth in safer environments may have less exposure and continue to show this low exposure as they remain in these types of settings. Although few studies incorporated teacher and parent report of behaviors, findings indicated that these assessments did not have the same findings as self-report (Ng-Mak et al., 2004; Ozer & McDonald, 2006; Ozer & Weinstein, 2004). This instrument was originally used in the 4-H Study of PYD, a one-year longitudinal study of predominately European-American 10 and 11 year olds (<10% of sample was African American) [20].

Fifth, there were several limitations to measurement including: (a) school outcome was limited to a composite scale of self-report items and did not include concrete measures of school outcomes, such as grade point average (GPA) or achievement testing, (b) measurement did not include other forms of student psychopathology that often overlap with PTSD, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or Bipolar Disorder, © the PTSD measure utilized was based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, (d) no observational measures or verbal report of symptomatology were included, and (e) no multi-informant indicators of school outcome from teachers or parents were included. An integrative model of pediatric medical traumatic stress. Community violence exposure and children's academic functioning. Significant interactions between gender and presence of mother in the home and gender and family functioning helped better explain these relationships for some of the types of community violence exposure. Mediators and moderators for community violence exposure and mental health symptoms help explain relationships. Models describing the development of antisocial behavior highlight similar processes (e.g., Patterson et al. Participants consisted of 121 pairs of junior high and high school students and their parents.

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